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2005 Food Standards Agency UK: Survey of Ethyl Carbamate in Food and Beverages. :
Excerpts: "... Alcoholic beverages added a much larger amount to the total intake of ethyl carbamate, and this was a concern. JECFA therefore recommended that mitigation measures to reduce concentrations of ethyl carbamate in some alcoholic beverages should be continued. ... The cancer risk cannot be quantified but it will increase with increasing exposure to ethyl carbamate. ... Industry is continuing to work in this area to reduce levels of ethyl carbamate in other alcoholic beverages by modifying production processes. ... the Agency is working with the manufacturers to ensure that good manufacturing practices are in place to reduce the level of ethyl carbamate in alcoholic beverages."
http://www.food.gov.uk/multimedia/pdfs/fsis7805.pdf
2005 - Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee On Food Additives 64th Meeting- Report - Summary and Conclusions on the Risk Assessment of Ethyl Carbamate: The JECFA risk assessment evaluation of ethyl carbamate concludes that the "margin of exposure" intake of ethylo carbamate from food and alcoholic beverages combined is of concern and mitigation measures to reduce ethyl carbamate in some alcoholic beverages should continue.
ftp://ftp.fao.org/es/esn/jecfa/jecfa64_summary.pdf
2005 - CFSAN Program Priorities - To Develop a Food Standards Policy for Ethyl Carbamate in Food: FDA's Centre for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition's work product expectations for the current fiscal year 2004 (October 1, 2004 through September 30, 2005), and is based on input received from stakeholders as well as input generated internally, with focus on the question: "Where do we do the most good for consumers?" (Ethyl Carbamate is listed under: Chemical Contaminants, Pesticides and
other Hazards - Strategy No. 1.10.13
http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/~dms/cfsand04.html
2004 - U.S. National Institutes of Health - National Toxicology Program Report - Toxicology and Carcinogenesis Studies of Urethane, Ethanol, and Urethane/Ethanol (August 2004): Report findings indicate clear evidence of carcinogenicity of urethane (ethyl carbamate).
http://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/ntp/docs/tr510/tr510-abs.pdf
2004 - FAO/World Health Organization - Call for Data on Ethyl Carbamate: A worldwide request for submission of toxicology, exposure and risk assessment, and intervention strategies for evaluation leading to establishment of policy on international food standards. July 2004 submission for evaluation or re-evaluation at the 64th Meeting (February 2005) of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA). This list has been prepared by the Joint FAO/WHO Secretariat of the Committee and is based on recommendations of the Codex Committee on Food Additives and Contaminants(CCFAC), previous Expert Committees, and direct requests from governments, other interested organizations, and producers of substances that have been evaluated previously
ftp://ftp.fao.org/es/esn/jecfa/jecfa64_call.pdf
2003 - Cancer Letters - Ethyl Carbamate and Lung Tumor Study: - National Library of Medicine, U.S, National Institutes of Health (NIH) - abstract of study.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12957351&dopt=Abstrac
2002 - Breast cancer incidence and mortality trends in an affluent population: Marin County, California, USA, 1990--1999
http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pubmed&pubmedid=12473174
2002 - U.S. National Toxicology Program Study - Technical Report on Urethane: Long-term Exposure Study presents states Clear Evidence of Carcinogenicity
http://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/index.cfm?objectid=03F55C9C-C672-1F4E-DE7D9A48E5CFE235
2002 - Wine Business Monthly article: "Ethyl Carbamate Research": Details the awareness of the ethyl carbamate issue in and amongst the wine industry and the health regulatory community.
http://www.winebusiness.com/html/MonthlyArticle.cfm?aid=53982&issueid=53965
2002 - British Journal of Cancer: "... expansive epidemiological study concludes definite correlation between breast cancer risk and alcohol consumption ..." A woman's risk of breast cancer rises by 7.1% for each extra alcoholic drink she consumes on an average daily basis.
http://www.nature.com/cgi-taf/DynaPage.taf?file=/bjc/journal/v87/n11/full/6600596a.html
2002 - Wine Business Monthly article: "When Shipping Wine ...": A panel discussion held at the recent Unified Wine and Grape Symposium, ... was mentioned that tests and monitoring of wine shipments during the hot summer months have shown that ethyl carbamate formation doubles with each 14-degree Fahrenheit rise in temperature
http://www.winebusiness.com/html/MonthlyArticle.cfm?aid=52630&issueid=52619
2000 - Emerging International Contaminant Issues: Ethyl Carbamate on World Health Organization JECFA's contaminant and naturally occurring toxin priority list: The Codex Alimentarius Commission (CAC) is a longstanding international food standards organization whose aim is to develop consensus standards to protect consumer health and ensure fair trade practices. The WTO established the Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures (SPS Agreement), specifically recognizing CAC as the body responsible for developing international food safety standards
http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/~cjm/codexfa2.html
2000 - Food Standards Agency UK: Survey of Ethyl Carbamate in Whiskey: Policy statement excerpt from the FSA in the UK recommending that there be continual efforts to gravitate to the lowest ethyl carbamate levels achievable. The committee will not set safety standards that industry cannot achieve. "...the Committee on Toxicity of Chemicals in Food, Consumer Products and the Environment (COT) considered ethyl carbamate as part of its review of certain naturally occurring toxicants. The Committee recommended that the levels of ethyl carbamate in various items of the diet should be reduced to the lowest technologically achievable."
http://www.food.gov.uk/science/surveillance/fsis-2000/2whisky
1997 - U.S. FDA publication: "Ethyl Carbamate - Preventative Action Manual": Recommendations to attempt to reduce, the formation of Ethyl Carbamate in the winemaking industry.
http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/~frf/ecaction.html
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